Section 1: Definitions

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Article R5121-1

French Public Health CodeIn force

Updated 2 Nov 2023

For the purposes of this Book, the following definitions shall apply

1° Bioavailability means the rate and intensity of absorption into the body, from a pharmaceutical form, of the active substance or its therapeutic moiety intended to become available at the sites of action;

2° Bioequivalence, the equivalence of bioavailabilities;

3° Primary packaging: the container or other form of packaging with which the medicinal product comes into direct contact;

4° Outer packaging: the packaging in which the immediate packaging is placed;

5° Common name: the international common name recommended by the World Health Organisation, failing which the name of the European or French Pharmacopoeia or, failing that, the usual common name;

6° Strength of the medicinal product: the active substance content, expressed as a quantity per unit of dosage or per unit of volume or weight depending on the presentation;

7° Labelling, the information given on the outer packaging or the immediate packaging;

8° Notable excipient: any excipient whose presence may require precautions for use in certain specific categories of patients;

9° Package leaflet: the information document accompanying the medicinal product and intended for the user;

10° Herbal substance: all plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi, lichens, mainly whole, fragmented or cut, used as they are, dried or fresh, as well as certain exudates which have not undergone specific treatments; herbal substances are precisely defined by the part of the plant used and the botanical name according to the two-word system - genus, species, variety and author;

11° Plant-based preparations: preparations obtained by treating plant substances, such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation; they include crushed or pulverised plant substances, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, juices obtained by pressing and treated exudates.

Mariela Petrova

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Common Questions

Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

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15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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