Subsection 1: Accounting obligations applicable to all traders.

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Article L123-18

French Commercial codeIn force

Updated 8 Nov 2023

On the date of their entry into the company's assets, goods acquired for valuable consideration are recorded at their acquisition cost, goods acquired free of charge at their market value and goods produced at their production cost.

For fixed assets, the values used in the inventory must, where applicable, take account of depreciation schedules. If the value of an asset falls below its net book value, the latter is reduced to the inventory value at the end of the financial year, whether or not the depreciation is definitive.

Fungible assets are valued either at their weighted average acquisition or production cost, or on the basis that the first asset taken out is the first asset taken in.

Any increase in value between the inventory value of an asset and its acquisition value is not recognised. If all tangible and financial fixed assets are revalued, the revaluation difference between the current value and the net book value cannot be used to offset losses; it is entered separately as a liability on the balance sheet.

Mariela Petrova

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Common Questions

Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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