Paragraph 1: Stock options.

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Article L225-178

French Commercial codeIn force

Updated 8 Nov 2023

The authorisation granted by the Extraordinary General Meeting entails the express waiver by shareholders, in favour of the beneficiaries of the options, of their pre-emptive right to subscribe for the shares to be issued as and when the options are exercised.

The capital increase resulting from the exercise of these options does not give rise to the formalities provided for in Article L. 225-142, in the second paragraph of Article L. 225-144 and in Article L. 225-146. It is definitively completed by the sole fact of the option exercise declaration, accompanied by the subscription form and the payment in cash or by offsetting against receivables, of the corresponding sum.

At its first meeting following the end of each financial year, the Board of Directors or the Management Board, as the case may be, shall note, if applicable, the number and amount of shares issued during the financial year following the exercise of options and shall make the necessary amendments to the clauses of the Articles of Association relating to the amount of the share capital and the number of shares representing it. The Board of Directors may delegate to the Managing Director or, with the latter's agreement, to one or more Deputy Managing Directors the powers to carry out, within one month of the end of the financial year, the transactions referred to in the previous sentence. The Management Board may, for the same purposes, delegate the same powers to its Chairman or, with the Chairman's agreement, to one or more of its members. The Board of Directors or the Executive Board, or the persons to whom they have been delegated, may also, at any time, carry out these transactions for the current financial year.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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