Section 1: Definitions

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R4452-1

Article R4452-1

French Labour CodeIn force
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Updated 3 Nov 2023

For the purposes of this chapter, the following definitions shall apply

1° Optical radiation: all electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 100 nanometres and 1 millimetre. The spectrum of optical radiation is subdivided into ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation and infrared radiation:

a) Ultraviolet radiation: optical radiation with a wavelength between 100 nanometres and 400 nanometres. The ultraviolet range is subdivided into UVA (315-400 nanometres), UVB (280-315 nanometres) and UVC (100-280 nanometres) radiation;

b) Visible radiation: optical radiation with a wavelength between 380 nanometres and 780 nanometres;

c) Infrared radiation: optical radiation with a wavelength between 780 nanometres and 1 millimetre. The infrared range is subdivided into IRA (780-1,400 nanometres), IRB (1,400-3,000 nanometres) and IRC (3,000 nanometres - 1 millimetre) radiation;

2° Laser (amplification of light by stimulated emission of radiation) : any device capable of producing or amplifying electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths corresponding to optical radiation, essentially by the process of controlled stimulated emission;

3° Laser radiation: optical radiation from a laser;

4° Incoherent radiation: all optical radiation other than laser radiation;

5° Exposure limit values: limit values for the level of exposure to optical radiation, based directly on proven health effects and biological considerations, compliance with which ensures that workers exposed to artificial sources of optical radiation are protected from any known harmful effects on health;

6° Irradiance (E) or power density: incident radiated power per unit area on a surface, expressed in watts per square metre (W. m - ²);

7° Irradiance (H): the integral of irradiance with respect to time, expressed in joules per square metre (J. m - ²);

8° Luminance (L): the energy flux or power per unit solid angle and per unit area, expressed in watts per square metre per steradian (W. m - ². sr - ¹);

9° Level: the combination of irradiance, energy exposure and radiance to which a worker is exposed.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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