APPENDICES TO PART FOUR

Articles in this section · 6

Article Annexe 41-1

French Public Health CodeIn force

Updated 30 Oct 2023

PRACTICE OF MEDICINE BY MEDICAL STUDENTS: CONDITIONS RELATING TO THE LEVEL OF STUDY DEPENDING ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE DOCTOR BEING REPLACED, CITED IN ARTICLE R. 4131-1

Conditions to be fulfilled by the replacement or assistant and semesters required :

I. - General medicine

To be enrolled in the third cycle of general medicine and to have completed three semesters of residency, including one with an approved general practitioner.

II. - Human anatomy and pathological cytology or anatomy and pathological cytology

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 1 free.

III. - Anaesthesia-resuscitation

A. - 4 specific (1) including 3 in anaesthesia departments and 1 in an intensive care department.

B. - 1 free.

IV. - Cardiovascular medicine

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 in approved departments of :

1. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery ;

2. Endocrinology and metabolic diseases ;

3. Nephrology ;

4. Internal medicine and clinical immunology ;

5. Paediatrics ;

6. Pneumology ;

7. Radiology and medical imaging ;

8. Neurology ;

9. Intensive care medicine ;

10. Vascular medicine.

V. - Dermato-venereology or dermatology and venereology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

VI. - Endocrinology-diabetology-nutrition

A. - 3 specific, including at least one with a nutrition focus (1).

B. - 1 in a department accredited as the principal centre for :

1. Hepatology-gastroenterology ;

2. Internal medicine and clinical immunology ;

3. Paediatrics ;

4. Intensive care and resuscitation ;

5. Geriatrics ;

6. Oncology ;

7. Cardiovascular medicine ;

8. Neurology ;

9. Pneumology ;

10. Nephrology ;

11. Medical biology ;

12. Public health ;

13. Psychiatry ;

14. Nuclear medicine ;

15. Medical gynaecology.

C. - 1 free.

VII. - Diseases of the digestive system or gastroenterology and hepatology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

VIII. - Medical gynaecology

A. - 3 semesters in approved gynaecology-obstetrics departments.

B. - 1 free semester.

IX. - Haematology

A. - 3 specific (1) :

1. At least 1 in a clinical haemobiology and blood diseases department ;

2. At least 1 in a central hospital haemobiology laboratory.

B. - 1 in an approved department of :

1. Pathological anatomy and cytology ;

2. Immunology and immunopathology ;

3. Internal medicine ;

4. Oncology ;

5. Clinical and biological infectious and tropical pathology ;

6. Paediatrics ;

7. Pneumology ;

8. Resuscitation.

C. - 1 free.

X. - Internal medicine

A. - 2 specific (1).

B. - 1 in an approved department of :

1. Oncology ;

2. Immunology and immunopathology ;

3. Clinical and biological infectious and tropical pathology ;

4. Intensive care ;

5. Nutrition.

C. - 3 free.

XI. - Nuclear medicine

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - B. - 2 free.

XII. - Occupational medicine

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XIII. - Nephrology

A. - 2 specific (1).

B. - 1 in an approved intensive care unit.

C. - 2 free.

XIV. - Neurology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 1 in an approved psychiatric department or in an approved neurology department.

C. - 1 free.

XV. - Oncology (medical oncology option)

A. - 3 specific (1), including 1 in a department approved for the radiotherapy option.

B. - 2 free.

XVI. - Oncology (radiotherapy option) or radiotherapy

A. - 4 specific (1), including 1 in a department approved for the medical oncology option.

B. - 1 free.

XVII. - Paediatrics

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 1 free.

XVIII. - Pneumology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XIX. - Psychiatry

A. - 4 specific (1), including 1 in a department approved for child and adolescent psychiatry.

B. - 1 free.

XX. - Psychiatry (child and adolescent psychiatry option)

A. - 4 specific (1) including 2 in an approved child and adolescent psychiatry department.

B. - 1 free.

XXI. - Radiology (option radiodiagnostic) or radiodiagnostic and medical imaging

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XXII. - Functional re-education and rehabilitation

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XXIII. - Rheumatology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XXIV. - Community health and social medicine or public health and social medicine

A. - 3 specific (1) including 1 in an approved out-of-hospital service.

B. - 2 free.

XXV. - Medical biology

A. - 3 in laboratories.

B. - 1 in an approved clinical service.

C. - 1 free.

XXVI. - Children's surgery

A. - 4 specific (1) allocated if possible to the following departments: visceral surgery, paediatric orthopaedic surgery, paediatric urological surgery, paediatric general surgery.

B. - 3 free.

XXVII. - Orthopaedic surgery and traumatology or orthopaedic surgery

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 3 free

XXVIII. - Reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 3 free.

XXIX. - Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 3 free.

XXX. - Urological surgery

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 3 free.

XXXI. - Vascular surgery

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 3 free.

XXXII. - Visceral and digestive surgery

A. - 4 specific (1) :

B. - 3 free.

XXXIII. - Gynaecology-obstetrics

A. - 5 specific (1).

B. - 1 in approved departments of :

1. Visceral surgery ;

2. Urological surgery ;

3. Vascular surgery.

4. General surgery.

C. - 1 free.

XXXIV. - Neurosurgery

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 2 in approved surgical departments.

C. - 2 in departments approved for the specialty or for another specialty, preferably 1 in an approved neurology department.

XXXV. - Ophthalmology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XXXVI. - Otolaryngology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 free.

XXXVII. - Stomatology

A. - 3 specific (1).

B. - 2 in departments approved for the specialty or another specialty.

XXXVIII. - General Surgery

A. - 5 specific (1) or in an approved department of surgical disciplines other than specific.

B. - 2 in departments approved for the specialty or for another specialty.

XXXIX. - Maxillo-facial surgery and stomatology

A. - 4 specific (1).

B. - 3 free.

XXXX. - Intensive care medicine

Five one-semester placements, at least two of which must be in a place accredited as the main site for the specialty and one in anaesthesia in a place accredited as the main site for anaesthesia-intensive care.

XXXXI. - Allergology

Five one-semester training periods, at least three of which must be spent in a place accredited as the main centre for the specialty and one in a complementary capacity.

XXXXII. - Oral surgery

Five one-semester training periods, at least three of which must be spent in a place accredited as the main centre for the specialty.

XXXXIII. - Medical genetics

Five one-semester placements, at least three of which must be in a place accredited as the main centre for the specialty.

XXXXIV. - Geriatrics

Five one-semester placements, at least three of which must be in a location accredited as the main site for the specialty.

XXXXV. - Infectious and tropical diseases

Five one-semester placements, at least three of which must be in a location accredited as the main site for the specialty.

XXXXVI. - Emergency medicine

Five one-semester training periods, at least one of which must be in a hospital approved as the main site for emergency medicine, one in a site approved as the main site for emergency medicine and qualified as a SAMU-CRRA15/ SMUR, one in a place accredited mainly in paediatrics and additionally in emergency medicine and providing permanent paediatric care and one in a place accredited mainly in intensive care medicine or anaesthesia and additionally in emergency medicine

XXXXVII. - Vascular medicine

Five one-semester placements, at least three of which must be in a place accredited as the main centre for the specialty.

XXXXVIII. - Forensic medicine and medical expertise

Five one-semester training periods, at least three of which must be spent in a place accredited as the main centre for this speciality.

(1) Clinical semesters carried out in approved departments corresponding to the specialty.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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