Chapter I: Rules governing the practice of the profession

Articles in this section · 23

Article L4221-12

French Public Health CodeIn force

Updated 7 Nov 2023

The Minister for Health or, by delegation, the Director General of the Centre National de Gestion may, following the opinion of a committee, made up in particular of health professionals, individually authorise, where applicable, in the speciality corresponding to the application for authorisation, to practise pharmacy persons who hold a diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications allowing them to practise the profession of pharmacist in the country in which the diploma, certificate or evidence of formal qualifications was obtained, where applicable in the speciality corresponding to the application for authorisation.

These persons must have passed anonymous tests to verify their knowledge, organised where appropriate for each speciality, and prove that they have a sufficient command of the French language. Regulations lay down the conditions for the organisation of these tests and the verification of the level of proficiency in the French language. The maximum number of candidates who may sit these tests is set by order of the Minister for Health, taking into account changes in the number of students determined in application of article L. 633-3 of the Education Code.

Pharmacists who hold a diploma of specialised studies obtained as part of a foreign internship are deemed to have passed the aforementioned knowledge verification tests.

The maximum number mentioned in the second paragraph of this article does not apply to refugees, stateless persons, beneficiaries of territorial asylum and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection and to French nationals who have returned to France at the request of the French authorities.

The persons mentioned in the fourth paragraph who hold a diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications allowing them to practise in the country in which they obtained this diploma, certificate or evidence of formal qualifications will be issued with a certificate allowing them to practise on a temporary basis, subject to the submission of an application to the Director General of the Regional Health Agency in their place of residence, who may, after examining the application, decide to assign the applicant to a health establishment on a temporary basis. In return, the candidate undertakes to take the knowledge verification tests mentioned in the second paragraph. A Conseil d'Etat decree sets the conditions for the implementation of this paragraph.

Successful candidates to the profession of pharmacist must also provide evidence of a two-year skills consolidation programme, in their speciality if applicable, completed after passing the knowledge verification tests. To this end, they are assigned to a post by decision of the Minister for Health or, by delegation, of the Director General of the National Management Centre. The choice of post is made by each successful candidate from a list drawn up by the Minister for Health, and is subject to their ranking in the knowledge verification tests. A decree of the Conseil d'Etat shall lay down the procedures for implementing this paragraph.

No person may be a candidate more than four times for the knowledge verification tests and the authorisation to practise as provided for in this article.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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